ACE/ACTN3 GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS`

ABSTRACT Objective: Previous studies have shown controversial relationships between ACE and ACTN3 gene polymorphisms and sports performance. Thus, the aim of our study was to assess anaerobic and aerobic performance indicators of young female soccer players with different ACE/ACTN3 gene profiles. Methods: Twenty-seven female soccer players aged 16-18 underwent acceleration, speed, strength, anaerobic power and aerobic endurance tests and had their ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms determined. Results: Based on genetic analysis, they were divided into the following groups: ACE II (n=2), ACE ID (n=11), ACE DD (n=14), ACTN3 XX (n=5), ACTN3 RR (n=7) and ACTN3 RX (n=15). ACE DD and ACE ID groups differed significantly in terms of results achieved on the 5 m sprint test (1.15±0.05 s vs 1.10±0.05 s, P=0.42). ACTN3 RR and RX achieved better results than the ACTN3 XX group in seven continuous vertical jumps (26.57±1.59 cm vs 25.77±2.51 cm vs 22.86±1.16 cm, respectively; P=0.007 for RR vs XX and P=0.021 for RX vs XX). Conclusion: High prevalence of ACE DD and ACTN3 RX genotypes in our subjects may suggest that faster and more powerful young females tend to perform better in soccer. Nevertheless, the absence of differences in most of the physical test results indicates that different genotypes are compatible with high-level soccer performance, meaning that it is the phenotype-genotype interaction that makes a successful female soccer player. Level of Evidence I, Prognostic studies — Investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on disease outcome.

摘要
研究目的：既往研究表明，血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）与α-辅肌动蛋白3（ACTN3）基因多态性与运动表现之间的关联存在争议。因此本研究旨在评估携带不同ACE/ACTN3基因分型的青年女子足球运动员的无氧与有氧表现指标。
研究方法：招募27名年龄介于16至18岁的女子足球运动员，对其进行加速度、速度、力量、无氧功率及有氧耐力测试，并完成ACE与ACTN3基因多态性检测。
研究结果：基于基因分析结果，将受试者分为以下组别：ACE II型（n=2）、ACE ID型（n=11）、ACE DD型（n=14）；ACTN3 XX型（n=5）、ACTN3 RR型（n=7）及ACTN3 RX型（n=15）。ACE DD组与ACE ID组在5米短跑测试中的成绩差异具有统计学意义（1.15±0.05 s vs 1.10±0.05 s，P=0.42）。ACTN3 RR型与RX型受试者在连续7次垂直跳测试中的成绩均优于ACTN3 XX型受试者（分别为26.57±1.59 cm、25.77±2.51 cm与22.86±1.16 cm；RR组与XX组比较P=0.007，RX组与XX组比较P=0.021）。
研究结论：本研究受试者中ACE DD型与ACTN3 RX型基因型的高患病率提示，速度更快、爆发力更强的青年女子运动员在足球项目中表现更优。然而，多数体能测试结果未发现组间差异，这表明不同基因型均可适配高水平足球运动表现，即成功的女子足球运动员是表型与基因型共同交互作用的结果。
证据等级：I级，预后研究——探讨患者特征对疾病转归的影响。