Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens has been hypothesized to signal the difference between observed and predicted reward, known as reward prediction error, suggesting a biological implementation
Phenotypic plasticity of wing size and shape has been evaluated in Aphidius ervi developing in its host, Acyrthosiphon pisum, parasitized at seven different ages. The parasitoid wing size was used as
Here is presented the most parsimonious model. Plasticity is estimated by the variance of forewing melanisation between temperatures (a) and the absolute slope of the thermal reaction norm (b). We use
