Composition of study groups, housed at Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary, DRC.

Age classes are indicated by A = Adult, AD = Adolescent, J = Juvenile. Asterisks indicate mother-reared individuals born at the sanctuary with the identity of their mother in superscript. The parentheses indicate the sex of the offspring (m = male; f = female).年龄分级的标识规则如下：A代表成年个体（Adult），AD代表青少年个体（Adolescent），J代表幼年个体（Juvenile）。星号（*）用于标注在保护区出生且由母兽抚育的个体，其母本的身份以上标形式标注。括号用于标注子代的性别：m代表雄性（male），f代表雌性（female）。