Overall post-treatment standardized mean difference (SMD) effect sizes for HRQOL from included meta-analyses.

Notes: No., Number; ES, effect size; SMD, standardized mean difference effect size; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals; Z(p), Z-value and probability value for Z; Q(p), Cochran’s Q statistic and associated alpha (p) value for Q; I2, I-squared statistic for inconsistency; T2, tau-squared; PI, prediction intervals, based on a random-effects model; Y vs NT, yoga versus no treatment; Y vs E, yoga versus education;—, Data not provided or insufficient data to calculate; SMD (95% CI) based on random-effects model; NA, not applicable; Boldfaced *, statistically significant non-overlapping confidence intervals **, statistically significant at an alpha level ≤ 0.10 a, Data reverse-scaled to be consistent with other studies in which a positive SMD was indicative of improvements in HRQOL b, Data converted from original metric to standardized mean difference effect size for comparison purposes c, short-term effects, HRQOL assessed closest to the end of the intervention d, long-term effects, HRQOL assessed closest to 12 months after randomization Overall post-treatment standardized mean difference (SMD) effect sizes for HRQOL from included meta-analyses.