NREL Price Series Developed for the ARPA-E FLECCS Program

The price data for four regions (CAISO, ERCOT, MISO-W, and PJM-W) are developed using the ReEDS to PLEXOS conversion as described in (Gagnon et al. 2020). The reference ReEDS case chosen is based on the 2020 Standard Scenario Mid-case, which uses the 2020 ReEDS model version (Cole et al. 2020; Ho et al. 2021). All ReEDS model inputs use 2020 Standard Scenarios Mid-case assumptions except for CO2 prices, which are implemented as linearly increasing CO2 price trajectories beginning at $0/tCO2 in 2020 and ending at either $100/tCO2 or $150/tCO2 in 2035 to dive capacity expansion towards a low-carbon system that could support CCS deployment. However, these scenarios also prohibit CCS deployment in this time frame so that resulting price data are not influenced by the deployment and operation of CCS itself. Implementing the ReEDS to PLEXOS conversion tool, PLEXOS is then simulated using the 2035 ReEDS infrastructure for both CO2 price scenarios, with the following model version and setup: PLEXOS Version: 8.2 Solver: Xpress-MP 35.01.01 Mixed integer optimization relative gap 1% System configuration: • Total number of nodes: 134 (consistent with ReEDS balancing areas) • Line losses enforced using piecewise linear approximation • Energy dump was enabled Price data is aggregated to the ISO/RTO level using load-weighted averages. References: Cole, Wesley, Sean Corcoran, Nathaniel Gates, Daniel Mai, Trieu, and Paritosh Das. 2020. “2020 Standard Scenarios Report: A U.S. Electricity Sector Outlook.” NREL/TP-6A20-77442. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/77442.pdf. Gagnon, Pieter, Will Frazier, Elaine Hale, and Wesley Cole. 2020. “Cambium Documentation: Version 2020.” NREL/TP-6A20-78239. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). https://doi.org/10.2172/1734551. Ho, Jonathan, Jonathon Becker, Maxwell Brown, Patrick Brown, Ilya (ORCID:0000000284917814) Chernyakhovskiy, Stuart Cohen, Wesley (ORCID:000000029194065X) Cole, et al. 2021. “Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) Model Documentation: Version 2020.” NREL/TP-6A20-78195. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.2172/1788425.针对加州独立系统运营商（CAISO）、得州电力可靠性委员会（ERCOT）、中西部独立系统运营商西部区域（MISO-W）以及宾夕法尼亚-新泽西-马里兰州西部区域（PJM-W）四个区域的电价数据，系依据（Gagnon等，2020）所述的区域能源部署系统（Regional Energy Deployment System, ReEDS）到PLEXOS转换方法开发所得。本次选用的基准ReEDS案例基于2020年标准情景中间场景，该场景采用2020版ReEDS模型（Cole等，2020；Ho等，2021）。除二氧化碳（CO₂）价格外，所有ReEDS模型输入均采用2020年标准情景中间场景的假设条件。二氧化碳价格设置为线性增长轨迹：2020年起价为0美元/吨二氧化碳，2035年分别达到100美元/吨二氧化碳或150美元/吨二氧化碳，以引导电力系统容量扩张朝着可支撑碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS）部署的低碳转型方向发展。但本类情景同时禁止该时间范围内的CCS部署，以此确保最终生成的电价数据不会受到CCS自身的部署与运行干扰。通过ReEDS到PLEXOS转换工具完成数据转换后，针对两种二氧化碳价格情景，均采用2035年ReEDS基础设施参数开展PLEXOS仿真，模型版本与配置如下： • PLEXOS版本：8.2 • 求解器：Xpress-MP 35.01.01 • 混合整数优化相对间隙：1% • 系统配置： - 节点总数：134个（与ReEDS平衡区域保持一致） - 采用分段线性近似方法计及线路损耗 - 启用弃电模块（Energy dump） 电价数据采用负荷加权平均方法聚合至独立系统运营商/区域输电组织（ISO/RTO）层级。 参考文献： 1. Cole, Wesley, Sean Corcoran, Nathaniel Gates, Daniel Mai, Trieu及Paritosh Das. 2020. 《2020年标准情景报告：美国电力行业展望》. NREL/TP-6A20-77442. 科罗拉多州戈尔登：美国国家可再生能源实验室. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/77442.pdf 2. Gagnon, Pieter, Will Frazier, Elaine Hale及Wesley Cole. 2020. 《Cambium文档：2020版》. NREL/TP-6A20-78239. 美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL），科罗拉多州戈尔登（美国）. https://doi.org/10.2172/1734551 3. Ho, Jonathan, Jonathon Becker, Maxwell Brown, Patrick Brown, Ilya（ORCID：0000000284917814）Chernyakhovskiy、Stuart Cohen、Wesley（ORCID：000000029194065X）Cole等. 2021. 《区域能源部署系统（ReEDS）模型文档：2020版》. NREL/TP-6A20-78195. 科罗拉多州戈尔登：美国国家可再生能源实验室. https://doi.org/10.2172/1788425