Data from: Temperature and sex related effects of serine protease alleles on larval development in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

The body reserves of adult Lepidoptera are accumulated during larval development. In the Glanville fritillary butterfly, larger body size increases female fecundity, but in males fast larval development and early eclosion, rather than large body size, increase mating success and hence fitness. Larval growth rate is highly heritable, but genetic variation associated with larval development is largely unknown. By comparing the Glanville fritillary population living in the Åland Islands in northern Europe with a population in Nantaizi in China, within the source of the post-glacial range expansion, we identified candidate genes with reduced variation in Åland, potentially affected by selection under cooler climatic conditions than in Nantaizi. We conducted an association study of larval growth traits by genotyping the extremes of phenotypic trait distributions for 23 SNPs in 10 genes. Three genes in clip-domain serine protease family were associated with larval growth rate, development time and pupal weight. Additive effects of two SNPs in the prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-3 (ProPO3) gene, related to melanization, showed elevated growth rate in high temperature but reduced growth rate in moderate temperature. The allelic effects of the vitellin-degrading protease precursor gene on development time were opposite in the two sexes, one genotype being associated with long development time and heavy larvae in females but short development time in males. Sexually antagonistic selection is here evident in spite of sexual size dimorphism.鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）成虫的体内储备物质均在幼虫发育阶段完成积累。针对格兰维尔蛱蝶（Glanville fritillary）而言，体型更大可提升雌性个体的繁殖力；但对于雄性个体，幼虫发育速度更快、羽化时间更早而非体型更大，才能提升交配成功率，进而提升适合度。幼虫生长率具有较高的遗传力，但与幼虫发育相关的遗传变异在很大程度上仍未被阐明。本研究在冰期后分布范围扩张的起源种群框架下，比较了北欧奥兰群岛（Åland Islands）的格兰维尔蛱蝶种群与中国南台子（Nantaizi）的种群，鉴定出奥兰群岛种群中变异程度降低的候选基因，这类基因可能受到了较南台子地区更为寒冷的气候条件下的选择压力影响。我们针对10个基因内的23个单核苷酸多态性（SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism）位点进行基因型分型，通过对表型性状分布极端值对应的个体开展分析，完成了幼虫生长性状的关联研究。clip结构域丝氨酸蛋白酶家族的3个基因与幼虫生长率、发育时长及蛹重均存在显著关联。与黑化作用相关的酚氧化酶原激活蛋白酶-3（ProPO3）基因内的两个单核苷酸多态性位点的加性效应表现出温度依赖性：在高温环境下可提升幼虫生长率，而在中等温度环境下则降低生长率。卵黄蛋白降解蛋白酶前体基因的等位基因对发育时长的影响在雌雄个体间完全相反：某一基因型在雌性个体中与较长的发育时长以及较重的幼虫体重相关，而在雄性个体中则与较短的发育时长相关。尽管该物种存在两性体型二态性，但本研究仍明确观察到了性拮抗选择的特征。