Images of the World in the Year 2000; Finland, 1968

<P>Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.</P>This inquiry into the views of the year 2000 held by the younger generation took place under the auspices of the European Coordination Centre for Research and Documentation in the Social Sciences, established at Vienna, which was founded by UNESCO and which is a division of the International Social Science Council at Paris. The technical coordination was in the hands of the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, under the direction of Johan Galtung.<br>
The objective of the inquiry was to examine attitudes of people in the age group 15 - 40 years towards various aspects of the future, with particular reference to war, peace and disarmament. The great attractiveness of such an inquiry lies in comparing the results of countries with very different political and philosophical backgrounds. Eleven countries are covered by this study.<br><B>Main Topics</B>:<BR> Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions<br>
Respondent's future-consciousness is assessed in terms of his thinking about the future of the world and of his country, his perception of the year 2000 as the near or distant future, his talking, seeing, hearing and reading about the future. Respondent predictions: what he considers will be the main differences between life today and life in the year 2000 (particularly what he feels would be the best and worst things that could happen). Employing a 9-point scale (i.e. 'best' - 'worst' possible life) the respondent is requested to indicate where he would place himself: a) at the present time, b) five years ago, c) five years from now, d) in the year 2000. Using the same procedure he is asked to assess future trends of his country and of the world.<br>
More specifically, the respondent is asked to predict social trends in his country covering topics such as: happiness and work satisfaction, leisure, unemployment, religion, kinship and marriage, material wealth, spiritual contentment, sexual freedom, mental illness, use of narcotics and drugs, crime, social differentiation, the role of women, the role of young people, city dwelling and manual work. It is recorded whether, in most cases, the respondent's hopes coincide with his predictions.<br>
Respondent predictions of the possibilities of science in the year 2000 are ascertained. Namely, whether it will be possible: to predetermine the sex and major personality feature of one's child, to cure dangerous diseases (e.g. cancer), to predetermine the weather, to travel to other planets. The respondent is again asked to state whether his hopes coincide with his predictions.<br>
War, armament and disarmament: respondent assessments of world trends in this area are recorded. In addition, he is asked to assess the probable effects of a third world war on his native country, and to state his opinion on how such a war is most likely to break out (i.e. by accident, by extension of a limited conflict or by one big power attacking another big power). Any value, goal or ideal the respondent believes could justify a war with nuclear weapons/without nuclear weapons is noted. A list of 25 ideas on how world peace might be obtained is included and respondents are asked to state whether they agree or disagree with each statement (e.g. 'to obtain peace, hunger and poverty must be abolished all over the world', 'to obtain peace, we must have general and complete disarmament as soon as possible', etc.). Information also includes whether the respondent thinks that peace can be realised by the year 2000 and whether he believes he can contribute anything himself to the realisation of this proposal; what he believes is most likely to happen in the relations between capitalist and socialist countries, between rich and poor countries and between different races. Finally, respondent's knowledge of the membership of NATO and the Warsaw Pact is tested.<br>
Opinion is ascertained on a number of items tapping the personality of the respondent (e.g. dogmatism). Social satisfaction of the respondent is measured in regard to income, job, influence on public affairs, living in his country, whether the respondent believes he has control over his future and, if so, how he feels he should direct this future. He is also asked to comparatively evaluate certain activities and views of the younger and older generations.<br>
Background Variables<br>
Age, sex, marital status, education, occupational details, work satisfaction (ideal occupation is noted), personal monthly income quartile, satisfaction with income received, occupation of head of household (where different), total monthly income quartile of household, household composition, area of residence (i.e. density of population, geographical region - where available), whether respondent practises religion or considers himself to be a `believer', parental household composition, father's occupational details, whether mother worked outside the home, area of childhood residence (i.e. density of population, geographical region - where available), age at which respondent moved away from parental home, and finally, details of the respondent's organisational membership is given.<br>

<P>本摘要版权归英国数据服务中心（UK Data Service）及数据集采集版权方所有。</P>本次针对2000年愿景的青年群体观点调研，由设于维也纳的欧洲社会科学研究与文献协调中心（European Coordination Centre for Research and Documentation in the Social Sciences）主办，该中心由联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）创立，隶属于巴黎国际社会科学理事会（International Social Science Council）。技术协调工作由奥斯陆国际和平研究所（International Peace Research Institute, Oslo）承担，由约翰·加尔通（Johan Galtung）主持。<br>本次调研的目标是考察15至40岁年龄段人群对未来多个维度的态度，尤其聚焦战争、和平与裁军议题。此类调研的显著价值在于可对比政治与哲学背景差异极大的多国研究结果，本研究共覆盖11个国家。<br><B>核心主题</B>:<BR> 态度/行为类问题<br>受访者的未来意识，通过其对世界及本国未来的思考、对2000年属于近期还是远期未来的认知、以及其对未来相关话题的谈论、见闻与阅读情况进行评估。要求受访者预测当下生活与2000年生活的主要差异，尤其关注其认为可能发生的最优与最糟情形。采用9分量表（即从“最优”至“最糟”生活状态），请受访者标注：a) 当前时刻、b) 五年前、c) 五年后、d) 2000年时自身所处的位置。使用相同流程，受访者需评估本国及全球的未来趋势。<br>更具体而言，受访者需预测本国的社会趋势，涵盖幸福与工作满意度、休闲时光、失业问题、宗教信仰、亲属关系与婚姻、物质财富、精神富足、性自由、精神疾病、麻醉品与药物使用、犯罪、社会分化、女性角色、青年角色、城市居住与体力劳动等议题。研究将记录受访者的期望是否与其预测多数情况下相符。<br>调研还将了解受访者对2000年科学发展可能性的预判，具体包括：能否预先决定子女的性别与主要人格特征、能否治愈癌症等致命疾病、能否预测天气、能否前往其他行星旅行。再次要求受访者说明其期望是否与其预测相符。<br>战争、军备与裁军：记录受访者对全球该领域趋势的评估。此外，请其评估第三次世界大战对其祖国可能产生的影响，并说明其认为此类战争最可能的爆发方式（即意外爆发、有限冲突升级，或是一个大国攻击另一个大国）。同时记录受访者认为可通过核武器/非核武器证明合理性的任何价值、目标或理想。调研包含一份涵盖25条实现世界和平途径的清单，请受访者表明对每条表述的赞同或反对态度，例如“要实现和平，必须在全球范围内消除饥饿与贫困”、“要实现和平，我们必须尽快实现全面彻底裁军”等。此外还将收集以下信息：受访者是否认为和平可在2000年之前实现，以及其是否相信自身可为该目标的实现做出贡献；受访者认为资本主义与社会主义国家、富国与穷国以及不同种族之间的关系最可能出现何种走向。最后，将测试受访者对北大西洋公约组织（NATO）与华沙条约组织成员国的了解情况。<br>调研还将通过多个条目了解受访者的人格特质（例如教条主义）。受访者的社会满意度将从收入、工作、对公共事务的影响力、居住国的生活体验、受访者是否认为自己能够掌控自身未来（若能，则其认为应如何规划未来）等维度进行衡量。此外，还请受访者对比评价青年与老年群体的部分行为与观点。<br>背景变量<br>年龄、性别、婚姻状况、受教育程度、职业详情、工作满意度（同时记录理想职业）、个人月收入四分位组、收入满意度、户主职业（若与受访者本人职业不同）、家庭月总收入四分位组、家庭构成、居住区域（即人口密度、地理区域——如有相关数据）、受访者是否信奉宗教或自认为“信徒”、原生家庭构成、父亲的职业详情、母亲是否外出工作、童年时期的居住区域（即人口密度、地理区域——如有相关数据）、受访者离开原生家庭的年龄，最后还将收集受访者的组织成员资格相关详情。