Data from: Generalized movement strategies for constrained consumers: ignoring fitness can be adaptive

Movements made by real organisms---such as movements involved in dispersal, migration, and habitat selection---are expected to be suboptimal occasionally due to realistic constraints imposed by incomplete information, perceptual limitations, and stochasticity. Previous theory considering such constraints has shown that movements appropriately conditioned upon habitat or resource characteristics can balance out suboptimal components of movement and thereby lead organisms to ideal free distributions and fitness maxima, whereas movements conditioned upon fitness differentials cannot. These findings suggest a somewhat paradoxical hypothesis: even if organisms have information about their fitness, movement strategies that maximize fitness may be conditioned upon something other than fitness per se. We test this hypothesis by investigating the evolutionary stability of generalized, conditional movement strategies that vary in their use of information on fitness versus information on habitat characteristics. We show that when costs of sensory machinery are included, natural selection should favor movement strategies that completely ignore fitness information. Finally, we synthesize previous work by showing how several previous important theoretical results on adaptive movement strategies are united under our one general model.真实生物体所产生的运动行为——诸如扩散、迁徙与栖息地选择相关的运动——由于信息不完备、感知局限以及随机性带来的现实约束，偶尔会呈现出次优特性。过往考虑此类约束的理论研究表明，以栖息地或资源特征为决策条件的适宜运动，能够抵消运动过程中的次优成分，进而使生物体达到理想自由分布（ideal free distribution）与适应度（fitness）最大值；而以适应度差异为决策条件的运动则无法达成这一效果。上述研究结果引出了一个颇具悖论性的假说：即便生物体掌握了自身适应度的相关信息，能够最大化适应度的运动策略，其决策依据也可能并非适应度本身。我们通过探究一类广义条件运动策略的进化稳定性来验证该假说——这类策略在信息使用上存在差异，分别采用适应度相关信息与栖息地特征相关信息。研究结果显示，当纳入感知设备的成本因素后，自然选择会倾向于完全忽略适应度信息的运动策略。最后，我们通过阐释过往多项关于适应性运动策略的重要理论成果如何统一于本通用模型之中，完成了对既往相关研究的整合。