Data from: The interplay between local ecology, divergent selection and genetic drift in population divergence of a sexually antagonistic female trait

Genetically polymorphic species offer the possibility to study maintenance of genetic variation and the potential role for genetic drift in population divergence. Indirect inference of the selection regimes operating on polymorphic traits can be achieved by comparing population divergence in neutral genetic markers with population divergence in trait frequencies. Such an approach could further be combined with ecological data to better understand agents of selection. Here, we infer the selective regimes acting on a polymorphic mating trait in an insect group; the dorsal structures (either rough or smooth) of female diving beetles. Our recent work suggests that the rough structures have a sexually antagonistic function in reducing male mating attempts. For two species (Dytiscus lapponicus and Graphoderus zonatus), we could not reject genetic drift as an explanation for population divergence in morph frequencies, while for the third (Hygrotus impressopunctatus) we found that divergent selection pulls morph frequencies apart across populations. Furthermore, population morph frequencies in H. impressopunctatus were significantly related to local bioclimatic factors, providing an additional line of evidence for local adaptation in this species. These data therefore suggest that local ecological factors and sexual conflict interact over larger spatial scales to shape population divergence in the polymorphism.遗传多态性物种为研究遗传变异的维持机制，以及遗传漂变 (genetic drift) 在种群分化中的潜在作用提供了可行路径。通过对比中性遗传标记 (neutral genetic markers) 的种群分化与性状频率的种群分化，可间接推断作用于多态性状的选择模式 (selection regimes)。此类研究方法还可结合生态数据，以更深入地解析选择作用的介导因子。本研究针对一类昆虫的多态交配性状展开推断，该性状为雌性潜水甲虫的背部结构，存在粗糙与光滑两种表型。我们的前期研究表明，这类粗糙背部结构可发挥性拮抗功能 (sexually antagonistic function)，抑制雄性的交配企图。针对两种昆虫（*Dytiscus lapponicus* 与 *Graphoderus zonatus*），我们无法排除遗传漂变作为其形态频率种群分化成因的可能性；而第三种昆虫（*Hygrotus impressopunctatus*）的形态频率种群分化则由趋异选择 (divergent selection) 驱动，不同种群间的形态频率出现显著分化。此外，*Hygrotus impressopunctatus* 的种群形态频率与局地生物气候因子 (bioclimatic factors) 显著相关，为该物种的局部适应性 (local adaptation) 提供了又一佐证。综上，本研究数据表明，局地生态因子与性冲突 (sexual conflict) 在更大空间尺度上相互作用，共同塑造了该多态性状的种群分化模式。