Storm Enhanced Density Model Runs (GAIM-GM)

The Utah State University (USU) Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements – Gauss Markov (GAIM-GM) model has been used to investigate the distribution of ionospheric plasma during storm times over the Continental United States. Storm periods dramatically increase the affects of space weather on the ionosphere and upper atmosphere, leading to impacts on over-the-horizon radars, GPS location determination, spacecraft charging, power grid overloads, and disruption of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) to name a few. Four storm periods were investigated where strong storm enhanced densities were present; two strong, October 2003 and November 2003, and two moderate, August 2010 and August 2011. It was found that a fundamental difference in the Storm Enhanced Density (SED) formation exists between the strong and moderate storms. For the strong storms, the SED was formed from the plasma in the northern equatorial anomaly crest, with the plasma in the SED channel lifting the closer it came to the high latitudes. For the moderate storms, the SED appeared to be unconnected to the northern anomaly crest but was rather produced locally in the SED channel, along with no corresponding increase in layer height associated with the SED evident in the model.