Replication Data for: \"Violence on Many Sides\" Framing Effects on Protest and Support for Repression

The success of protests depends on whether they favorably affect public opinion: nonviolent resistance can win public support for a movement, but regimes counter by framing protest as violent and instigated by outsiders. We argue public perception of whether a protest is violent shifts based on framing the types of action and the identities of participants in those actions. We distinguish dimensions of (1) threat of harm, (2) bearing of arms, and (3) identity of protesters. Using survey experiments in Israel and the United States we find support for framing effects. Threat of harm has the largest positive effect on perceptions of violence and support for repression. Surprisingly, social out-groups are not perceived as more violent, but respondents favor repressing them anyway. Support for repressing a nonthreatening out-group is at least as large as support for repressing a threatening in-group. The findings link contentious action and public opinion, and demonstrate the susceptibility of this link to framing.抗议活动的成败取决于其能否对公众舆论产生积极影响：非暴力抵抗能够为运动赢得公众支持，但当权者会采取反制手段，将抗议污蔑为暴力行为，并将其归咎于外部势力煽动。我们认为，公众对抗议是否具有暴力性的认知，会因对行动类型的框架设定以及行动参与者身份的界定而发生变化。我们划分了三个维度：(1) 伤害威胁，(2) 持有武器，(3) 抗议者身份。通过在以色列与美国开展的调查实验，我们验证了框架效应的存在。伤害威胁对暴力感知以及支持镇压的态度产生了最为显著的正向影响。令人意外的是，社会外群体并未被认定为更具暴力性，但受访者仍倾向于对其实施镇压。对无威胁性外群体实施镇压的支持率，至少与对具有威胁性内群体实施镇压的支持率持平。本研究的发现将抗争行动与公众舆论联系起来，并证实了二者间的关联极易受到框架设定的影响。