Clarke S. 2022 More Solutions
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Current investment to address climate change is focused mainly on the mitigation of further greenhouse gas emissions by a wide variety of means and a handful of technologies, most of which are designed to extract carbon dioxide from the air and to either to sequester it geologically or to turn it into biomass or useful products. This handful includes Direct Air Capture (DAC) using machinery, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), and various forms of Afforestation. Even with some likely improvement in cost over time, most reputable analyses indicate that all three will suffer from showstoppers in the form of one or more of: scalability, cost, insufficient resource, timeliness, or risk of reversal under increasing global warming. In addition, none directly addresses the problems of other greenhouse gases, of solar or thermal radiation management, of ocean acidification and stratification, of species and habitat loss, of ice loss, of increasingly extreme weather events, of sea level rise, of passing tipping points, and of the long-term effects of prior emissions, land clearing, pollution, and ecological impoverishment. OFFER What is offered below are sixteen conceptual methods, the combination of which addresses both carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and the above other problems in different ways. Most require validation, modelling, gated testing and approval prior to deployment. Whilst research is being undertaken at various organizations to develop, quantify, model, test and validate some of them, all such concepts that appear to have prospect need to be evaluated and compared. As well, all should be assessed for their potential cost-effectiveness, their effects, scalability, risk-to-risk profile, optimal interaction, measurably, reversibility, and community acceptability. Readers are requested to see how they might contribute to these efforts. Each concept will be given a short description. Its key functions will be outlined, as well as the innovation dependencies on which it depends. Attached to it may also be a summarizing graphic and/or document where that is short enough to be digested quickly. Longer, supporting documentation is available on request for most of the solutions. Whilst the order in which the concepts are presented is usually that of decreasing expected climate restoration effectiveness, exceptions are made when subsequent concepts are likely to depend on earlier ones.
当前用于应对气候变化的投资，主要集中于通过多样手段与若干技术减缓温室气体的进一步排放。其中多数技术旨在从空气中提取二氧化碳，并将其地质封存，或是转化为生物质或有用产品。 此类技术包括机械直接空气捕获（Direct Air Capture, DAC）、碳捕获与封存生物能源（Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage, BECCS），以及多种形式的造林（Afforestation）。 即便随着时间推移成本或有改善，多数权威分析均指出，这三类技术均会面临各类致命瓶颈，具体可能体现为可扩展性不足、成本过高、资源匮乏、时效性欠缺，或是在全球变暖加剧下出现逆转的风险。 此外，这些技术均无法直接应对其他温室气体相关问题、太阳辐射或热辐射管理问题、海洋酸化与分层问题、物种与栖息地丧失问题、冰川消融问题、愈发频发的极端天气事件、海平面上升问题、临界点突破问题，以及此前排放、土地开垦、污染与生态退化带来的长期影响。 下文将介绍十六种概念性方法，通过组合运用这些方法，可同时实现二氧化碳移除（Carbon Dioxide Removal, CDR）目标，并以不同路径解决上述各类气候问题。 多数方法在部署前均需经过验证、建模、分级测试与审批流程。 尽管目前已有多家机构开展相关研究，对部分方法进行开发、量化、建模、测试与验证，但所有具备应用前景的概念均需得到全面评估与对比分析。 此外，还需对所有方法的潜在成本效益、实际影响、可扩展性、风险特征、最优协同性、可测量性、可逆性以及社区接受度进行评估。 诚邀各位读者思考这些方法可如何助力相关气候修复工作。 每种方法均会附带简短介绍，概述其核心功能与所需依托的创新支撑条件。 部分方法还将附带可快速阅读理解的总结性图表或文档。 多数解决方案的详细支撑文档可应要求提供。 尽管本文呈现的方法顺序通常按照预期气候修复效果从高到低排列，但当后续方法需依赖前置方法时，将打破此顺序规则。
