THE RECOVERY OF LOST PROFITS UNDER ARTICLE 74 OF THE U.N. CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS

The ability to obtain damages for losses suffered in the course of trade is a critical and necessary requirement for parties to be willing to engage in commerce. Without legal recourse for losses as a consequence of other parties’ nonperformance, the incentive to participate in trade is greatly diminished. International commerce is hampered to the extent that parties from different countries risk trading under foreign laws that might not offer comparable protection. The availability of relief for a breach of contract accords with economic efficiency in a free enterprise economy.1 The U.N. Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) was created in 1980 to codify and harmonize a legal framework aimed at encouraging and facilitating international trade. An important feature of the CISG is Article 74, which provides a guide for the recovery of foreseeable losses, including lost profits, as a consequence of a party’s breach of contract.2 This right to obtain damages is a primary mechanism of the CISG remedial scheme.3 This paper will examine the recovery of lost profits under Article 74 CISG and discuss the practical issues that tribunals and parties face when evaluating a lost profit claim. Decisions concerning the recovery of lost profits under the CISG have been criticized as lacking uniformity due to problems in interpreting Article 74 CISG, differences in domestic evidentiary standards, use or nonuse of general principles of international law, arbitrator discretion, and difficulties in the actual calculation of lost profits.4 A discussion of these issues will attempt to shed light on the problems and determine if there is a lack of uniformity, and if so, what steps can be taken to increase the consistency of awards.

在贸易过程中就所遭受损失获得损害赔偿的能力，是促使当事人愿意参与商事活动的核心且必要的前提。若无法就其他当事人不履行合同义务所导致的损失寻求法律救济，当事人参与贸易的积极性将大幅削弱。当不同国家的当事人需冒着适用可能无法提供同等保护的外国法律的风险进行交易时，国际贸易的开展便会受到阻碍。在自由企业经济中，为违约行为提供救济措施符合经济效率原则。[1] 1980年制定的《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》（United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, CISG）旨在编纂并统一法律框架，以鼓励和推动国际贸易发展。该公约的一项重要特色是第七十四条，其为一方当事人违约所导致的可预见损失（包括利润损失）的追偿提供了指引。[2] 此项损害赔偿请求权是《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》救济体系的核心机制之一。[3] 本文将围绕《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第七十四条项下的利润损失追偿问题展开研究，并探讨仲裁庭与各方当事人在评估利润损失索赔请求时所面临的实务难题。由于对《公约》第七十四条的解读存在分歧、各国国内证据标准不尽相同、是否适用国际法一般原则的做法不一、仲裁员享有自由裁量权，以及利润损失的实际计算存在诸多困难，学界与实务界对《公约》框架下利润损失追偿的裁判标准统一性多有诟病。[4] 本文将就上述问题展开讨论，以期厘清相关难题，判断是否确实存在裁判标准不统一的情况，并在此基础上探讨可用于提升仲裁裁决一致性的可行路径。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集聚焦于《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》（CISG）第74条下利润损失的赔偿问题，核心是分析CISG作为国际货物销售统一法律框架，如何通过第74条提供可预见损失（包括利润损失）的赔偿机制。数据集探讨了实践中因解释差异、国内证据标准不一致等因素导致的裁决不统一问题，旨在为法律实践提供参考。