Chronic isolates are listed from entry F1 onwards.aDNA was isolated from paraffin-embedded material.bno plasmid detected, but plasmid-related sequences present in genomic DNA.cadaA: intact adaA gene (
In Japan, major mumps outbreaks still occur every 4–5 years because of low mumps vaccine coverage (30–40%) owing to the voluntary immunization program. Herein, to prepare for a regular immunization pr