Temporal analysis of the honey bee microbiome reveals four novel viruses and seasonal prevalence of known viruses, Nosema, and Crithidia.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) play a critical role in global food production as pollinators of numerous crops. Recently, honey bee populations in the United States, Canada, and Europe have suffered an unexplained increase in annual losses due to a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Epidemiological analysis of CCD is confounded by a relative dearth of bee pathogen field studies. To identify what constitutes an abnormal pathophysiological condition in a honey bee colony, it is critical to have characterized the spectrum of exogenous infectious agents in healthy hives over time. We conducted a prospective study of a large scale migratory bee keeping operation using high-frequency sampling paired with comprehensive molecular detection methods, including a custom microarray, qPCR, and ultra deep sequencing. We established seasonal incidence and abundance of known viruses, Nosema sp., Crithidia mellificae, and bacteria. Ultra deep sequence analysis further identified four novel...西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）作为多种作物的传粉媒介，在全球粮食生产中扮演着至关重要的角色。近期，美国、加拿大及欧洲的西方蜜蜂种群遭遇了不明原因的年度损失激增，这一现象被称为蜂群崩溃失调症（Colony Collapse Disorder, CCD）。针对蜂群崩溃失调症的流行病学分析，因相关蜜蜂病原体野外研究相对匮乏而受到极大阻碍。若要识别蜂群中的异常病理生理状态，关键在于长期系统性地表征健康蜂群中外源感染性因子的谱系特征。本研究针对一家大型转地养蜂场开展前瞻性研究，采用高频采样结合定制微阵列、实时定量聚合酶链式反应（qPCR）以及超深度测序等全面的分子检测手段。我们明确了已知病毒、微孢子虫属（Nosema sp.）、蜜蜂短膜虫（Crithidia mellificae）以及细菌的季节性发生率与丰度。超深度测序分析进一步鉴定出四种新型……