GRSM_SOIL_PARENT_MATERIAL

Parent material name is a term for the general physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition of the unconsolidated material, mineral or organic, in which the soil forms. Mode of deposition and/or weathering may be implied by the name. The soil surveyor uses parent material to develop a model used for soil mapping. Soil scientists and specialists in other disciplines use parent material to help interpret soil boundaries and project performance of the material below the soil. Many soil properties relate to parent material. Among these properties are proportions of sand, silt, and clay; chemical content; bulk density; structure; and the kinds and amounts of rock fragments. These properties affect interpretations and may be criteria used to separate soil series. Soil properties and landscape information may imply the kind of parent material. For each soil in the database, one or more parent materials may be identified. One is marked as the representative or most commonly occurring. The representative parent material name is presented here. SSURGO depicts information about the kinds and distribution of soils on the landscape. The soil map and data used in the SSURGO product were prepared by soil scientists as part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. The most common use of these data is communication of soil conditions to contractors working in the park. Additional uses of these data include analysis by park partners and researchers of the physical and chemical properties of soils, including their effect and influence on the management of natural habitats, ecosystem health, and natural resource inventory. This data set is a digital soil survey and generally is the most detailed level of soil geographic data developed by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. The information was prepared by digitizing maps, by compiling information onto a planimetric correct base and digitizing, or by revising digitized maps using remotely sensed and other information. This data set consists of georeferenced digital map data and computerized attribute data. The map data are in a 7.5 minute quadrangle format and include a detailed, field verified inventory of soils and nonsoil areas that normally occur in a repeatable pattern on the landscape and that can be cartographically shown at the scale mapped. A special soil features layer (point and line features) is required. This layer displays the location of features too small to delineate at the mapping scale, but they are large enough and contrasting enough to significantly influence use and management. The soil map units are linked to attributes in the Map Unit Record relational database, which gives the proportionate extent of the component soils and their properties. These data represent a specific interpretation of the SSURGO soils data produced by the NRCS, using the NRCS Soil Data Viewer version 6.0. Building site development interpretations are designed to be used as tools for evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for various construction purposes. As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its described condition and does not consider present land use. Example interpretations can include corrosion of concrete and steel, shallow excavations, dwellings with and without basements, small commercial buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping. This is a hybrid data product produced using NRCS SSURGO soils data. These data should not be considered SSURGO-compliant, as data used in this product is the result of merging data from several separate SSURGO databases. The NRCS does not endorse or support this hybrid product. The corresponding Integration of Resource Management Applications (IRMA) NPS Data Store reference is Great Smoky Mountains National Park Soil Parent Material.土壤母质（parent material）是指代未固结矿物或有机质物质的通用物理、化学及矿物组成的术语，土壤即形成于此类物质之中。该名称可隐含沉积方式或风化作用类型。土壤测绘人员利用土壤母质构建用于土壤制图的模型。土壤学家及其他学科专家则借助土壤母质解析土壤边界，并推断土壤下方物质的性能。诸多土壤属性均与土壤母质相关，其中包括砂粒、粉粒与黏粒的占比，化学成分，容重，结构，以及岩屑的种类与含量。此类属性会影响解读结果，亦可作为划分土系的标准。土壤属性与景观信息可反推土壤母质的类型。对于数据库中的每一种土壤，均可识别出一种或多种母质，其中一种被标记为代表性或最常见的母质。本文此处呈现的即为代表性土壤母质名称。SSURGO 展示了景观中土壤类型与分布的相关信息。SSURGO 产品中所用的土壤图与数据由土壤学家作为全国合作土壤调查项目的一部分编制完成。此类数据最常见的用途是向园区内的承包商通报土壤状况。其他应用场景还包括园区合作伙伴与研究人员分析土壤的物理与化学属性，包括其对自然栖息地管理、生态系统健康及自然资源清查的作用与影响。本数据集为数字化土壤调查成果，通常属于全国合作土壤调查所编制的最详细级别土壤地理数据。该信息通过数字化制图、将信息整合至平面校正底图后数字化，或利用遥感及其他信息修订数字化地图的方式编制而成。本数据集包含地理参考数字化地图数据与计算机化属性数据。地图数据采用7.5分地形图幅格式，涵盖经野外验证的详细土壤与非土壤区域清查数据，此类区域通常在景观中以可重复的模式出现，并可按制图比例尺以制图方式呈现。需增设一个特殊土壤要素图层（点状与线状要素），该图层用于展示那些在当前制图比例尺下无法单独勾绘，但尺寸足够大且属性差异显著，足以对土地利用与管理产生重大影响的要素位置。土壤图斑与地图单元记录关系型数据库中的属性相关联，该数据库提供了组成要素土壤的占比范围及其属性。本数据为美国自然资源保护局（Natural Resources Conservation Service, NRCS）利用NRCS 6.0版土壤数据查看器对SSURGO土壤数据进行的特定解译成果。场地开发解译工具旨在作为评估各类建筑用途下土壤适宜性及识别土壤限制因素的工具。作为解译流程的一部分，该评级仅针对土壤的描述性状态，不考虑当前土地利用情况。示例解译内容可包括混凝土与钢材的腐蚀、浅层开挖工程、带地下室与不带地下室的住宅、小型商业建筑、本地道路与街道，以及草坪与景观美化工程。本产品为融合多份独立SSURGO数据库数据生成的混合型数据成果，不应视为符合SSURGO标准，NRCS 不对该混合型产品进行背书或提供技术支持。对应的资源管理应用集成（Integration of Resource Management Applications, IRMA）美国国家公园管理局（National Park Service, NPS）数据存储引用条目为：大烟山国家公园土壤母质。