Data from: Temperature- and latitude-specific individual growth rates shape the vulnerability of damselfly larvae to a widespread pesticide

1. Freshwater ecosystems are especially vulnerable to climate change and pollution. One key challenge for aquatic toxicology is to determine and manage the combined effects of temperature increase and contaminants across species' ranges. 2. We tested how thermal adaptation and life-history evolution along a natural temperature gradient influence the vulnerability of an aquatic insect to a pesticide under global warming. We applied a space-for-time substitution approach to study the effect of warming on the vulnerability of Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae to the pesticide chlorpyrifos in a common garden warming experiment (20 and 24 °C) with replicated populations from three latitudes spanning >1500 km in Europe. 3. Chlorpyrifos was more toxic to damselfly larvae at the higher temperature: mortality only occurred at 24 °C and the reductions in growth rate were stronger at 24 °C. This could partly be explained by parallel reductions in food intake but not by the activities of two widespread enzymatic biomarkers, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). 4. There was some evidence that the increased toxicity of the high chlorpyrifos concentration at 24 °C was stronger in terms of growth reduction in the faster-growing larvae from the low-latitude populations. This is consistent with energy allocation trade-offs between growth rate and pesticide tolerance, but suggests that local thermal adaptation does not play a role in coping with pesticide stress. 5. Synthesis and applications. Damselfly larvae from populations in lower latitudes were more vulnerable to a common pesticide at higher temperatures and pesticide concentrations, whereas evidence for the influence of local thermal adaptation on the vulnerability of larvae was weak. These results emphasize the need for spatially explicit bioassessment and conservation tools. Management practices aimed at mitigating pesticide run-off into aquatic ecosystems are particularly important in agricultural areas at low latitudes.1. 淡水生态系统对气候变化与污染尤为脆弱。水生毒理学（aquatic toxicology）面临的一项核心挑战，是探明并管控增温与污染物在物种分布范围内的联合效应。2. 本研究探究了全球变暖背景下，沿自然温度梯度演化的热适应与生活史进化，如何影响一种水生昆虫对农药的脆弱性。我们采用空间代时法（space-for-time substitution），依托覆盖欧洲超1500公里、源自3个纬度的重复种群，开展20℃与24℃的共同花园增温实验，以解析增温对蓝尾异痣蟌（Ischnura elegans）幼虫抵御毒死蜱（chlorpyrifos）能力的影响。3. 在较高温度下，毒死蜱对豆娘幼虫的毒性更强：仅在24℃条件下才出现幼虫死亡，且该温度下幼虫生长速率的降幅更为显著。这一现象可部分通过取食量的同步下降予以解释，但与两种广泛使用的酶生物标志物——谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase, GST）与乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase, AChE）——的活性无显著关联。4. 有证据表明，在24℃条件下，高浓度毒死蜱的毒性增强对低纬度种群中生长较快的幼虫的生长抑制更为明显。这一结果与生长速率与农药耐受性之间的能量分配权衡假说相符，但提示本地热适应在应对农药胁迫中并未发挥作用。5. 总结与应用：低纬度种群的豆娘幼虫在高温与高农药浓度条件下，对常见农药的脆弱性更高；而本地热适应对幼虫脆弱性的影响证据却较为薄弱。本研究结果凸显了开发空间显性生物评估与保护工具的必要性。在低纬度农业区域，旨在减缓农药径流进入淡水生态系统的管理措施尤为重要。