Pollinator visitation, floral microbes, and seed set of <i>Penstemon strictus</i> treated with a fungicide, an insecticide, and both chemicals

Rocky Mountain Penstemon (<i>Penstemon</i><i> strictus</i>; <i>N </i>= 126), were transplanted into 11.35-liter plastic pots. Plants were assigned to one of three experimental treatments (fungicide, insecticide, or their combination) or to a water control. Treatment assignments were randomized within phenological stage (flowering, budding, or vegetative) and each treatment was replicated 32 times in a randomized block design (except block 32 which only had an insecticide and control plant). The insecticide was applied directly to the soil as the product “Bioadvanced Fruit, Citrus &amp; Vegetable Insect Protection” (SBM Company, McClellan Park, CA) which contains 0.235% of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid as an active ingredient. The fungicide was applied as a foliar spray as the product “Bioadvanced Disease Control for Roses, Flowers, &amp; Shrubs” which contains 2.9% tebuconazole as an active ingredient. These chemicals were applied according to the manufacturer’s protocols and two water controls (soil application and/or foliar spray) were also applied such that each plant received a soil application and foliar spray of some type. We recorded flowering date, number of flowers per plant, plant height, and herbivory damage weekly. Herbivory damage was visually estimated as percent damage across the entire plant; this was later converted to a binary (yes/no) survey of presence of herbivory damage to account for observer bias. At the conclusion of the experiment, we collected and dissected all fruits so that seeds could be counted and weighed.

落基山钓钟柳（*Penstemon strictus*；样本量N=126）被移栽至11.35升的塑料盆中。供试植株被随机分配至三类实验处理组：杀菌剂组、杀虫剂组、二者联合组，或水分对照组。处理分组在物候阶段（开花期、现蕾期或营养生长期）内完成随机化，所有处理采用随机区组设计（randomized block design）进行重复，每组重复32次（第32区组仅包含杀虫剂组与对照组植株）。所用杀虫剂为商品名“Bioadvanced Fruit, Citrus & Vegetable Insect Protection”的药剂（SBM公司，加利福尼亚州麦克莱伦公园），其有效成分为0.235%的新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉（imidacloprid），施药方式为土壤浇灌。杀菌剂采用叶面喷施方式，商品名为“Bioadvanced Disease Control for Roses, Flowers, & Shrubs”，其有效成分为2.9%的戊唑醇（tebuconazole）。所有药剂均严格按照生产商的使用规程进行施用，同时设置两组水分对照（土壤浇灌对照与叶面喷施对照），以确保每株植株均接受一次土壤施用与一次叶面喷施处理。我们每周记录开花日期、单株花朵数、植株高度以及草食性为害程度（herbivory damage）。草食性为害程度通过目视估测全株受害百分比；为消除观察者偏差，后续将该指标转换为二分类（binary）的为害存在性调查（即“有/无”为害）。实验结束后，我们采集并解剖所有果实，以统计并称量种子的数量与重量。