提高大熊猫繁育力的研究

J-202-2-05 大熊猫是珍稀濒危物种，我国的国宝，在野外的种群数量已减少至１０００只左右，人们试图通过圈养大熊猫的途径来挽救这一物种。然而，圈养大熊猫的饲养分散、繁育能力很低，存在发情难、配种受孕难和育幼成活难这三难问题。雄兽能自然交配的只有１０％，幼仔成活到半岁的仅为４３．７５％。１９９１年国家林业局下达了《提高大熊猫繁育力的研究》重点攻关课题，要求通过１２年的研究解决圈养大熊猫的三难问题，把大熊猫的育幼成活率提高到９０％左右，实现种群的自我维持。该项目研究的１２年里，中国保护大熊猫研究中心从１９９１年１月１日的１０只大熊猫发展到２００２年１２月３１日的６７只，除去抢救的２０只野外大熊猫，１２年内共净增大熊猫３７只，现在是世界上最大的大熊猫圈养种群。通过改善大熊猫的饲养管理，逐步调整饲料配方，深入研究大熊猫的繁殖生理，掌握雌性大熊猫的排卵时间，大大提高了育龄雌性大熊猫的繁殖能力，使７５％的育龄雌性大熊猫繁殖了后代。通过该项目研究，提高了精子活力。同时，深入进行激素研究，适时配种，使用自然交配和人工授精相结合的办法，大大增加了雄性大熊猫繁衍后代的机会。长期以来，能够自然交配的雄性大熊猫都很少，中国保护大熊猫研究中心通过人工培育，使６只大熊猫能够自然交配。目前，在圈养繁殖的４只育龄雄性大熊猫中，己经有３只能够进行自然交配，占圈养繁殖的７５％。１９９１年～１９９７年，产２４仔，存活１４仔，存活率为５８．３３％，在１９９８年～２００２年，共产２１胎３４仔，存活３１仔，存活率达到９１％。２０００年、２００１年和２００２年连续三年育幼成活率都为１００％。通过该课题的研究，２０００年卧龙大熊猫研究中心有育龄雌性大熊猫１２只，除１只没有参加配种外，配种１１只，有８只怀孕产仔，产４个双胞胎，４个单胎，共１２仔。并使用外源激素使三只长期没有生育的雌性大熊猫全部产仔。１９９９年大熊猫白雪产一双胞胎，其中一只幼仔体重仅为５３克（青青：谱系号４７９），经人工育幼成活，健康成长。１９９９年８月１８日，１＃大熊猫产一三胞胎，首次使其中二仔成活。该项技术与国内外同类研究相比，己达到世界领先水平，具有重要的应用和理论价值，对增加易地保护大熊猫数量，保存大熊猫物种有主要意义。

J-202-2-05: The giant panda is a rare and endangered species and the national treasure of China. The wild population has dwindled to around 1,000 individuals, prompting efforts to save the species through captive breeding. However, captive giant pandas face scattered management and low breeding capacity, plagued by the three intractable problems: difficulty in estrus, successful mating and conception, and cub rearing and survival. Only 10% of males can conduct natural mating, and merely 43.75% of cubs survive to six months of age. In 1991, the State Forestry Administration launched a key research project titled "Research on Enhancing Giant Panda Reproductive Performance", requiring 12 years of research to solve the three difficulties of captive giant pandas, increase the cub survival rate to around 90% and achieve self-sustaining captive populations. Over the 12-year research period, the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda grew its captive population from 10 giant pandas on January 1, 1991 to 67 on December 31, 2002. Excluding 20 rescued wild giant pandas, the center saw a net increase of 37 giant pandas in 12 years, now hosting the world's largest captive giant panda population. Through improving captive management, gradually adjusting diet formulas, conducting in-depth studies on giant panda reproductive physiology and identifying the ovulation timing of females, the reproductive capacity of reproductive-age females was greatly enhanced, with 75% of them producing offspring. The research also improved sperm motility. Meanwhile, via in-depth hormone research, timely mating and the combination of natural mating and artificial insemination, the reproductive opportunities for male giant pandas were significantly increased. Previously, very few males could conduct natural mating, but the center has cultivated 6 males capable of natural mating through artificial intervention. Currently, 3 out of 4 reproductive-age captive-bred males can conduct natural mating, accounting for 75% of the total. From 1991 to 1997, there were 24 births with 14 cubs surviving, yielding a survival rate of 58.33%. From 1998 to 2002, there were 21 litters totaling 34 cubs, with 31 cubs surviving, reaching a survival rate of 91%. Notably, the cub survival rate hit 100% for three consecutive years from 2000 to 2002. In 2000, the Wolong Giant Panda Research Center had 12 reproductive-age female giant pandas. Except for 1 that did not receive mating, 11 females were mated, 8 of which became pregnant and gave birth: 4 pairs of twins and 4 singleton births, totaling 12 cubs. Additionally, exogenous hormones were used to induce parturition in 3 long-term infertile females, all of which successfully gave birth. In 1999, giant panda Bai Xue gave birth to twins, one of which weighed only 53 grams (Qing Qing: Pedigree ID 479). The cub was successfully hand-reared and grew up healthily. On August 18, 1999, a female giant panda (No.1) gave birth to triplets, and for the first time, 2 of the cubs survived. Compared with similar research at home and abroad, this technology has reached the world's leading level, holding important practical and theoretical significance, and playing a key role in increasing the number of ex-situ conserved giant pandas and preserving the giant panda species.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集聚焦于1991年至2002年期间开展的'提高大熊猫繁育力的研究'攻关项目，旨在解决圈养大熊猫的发情、配种和育幼难题，通过优化饲养管理、繁殖生理研究和人工授精等技术手段，显著提升了育幼成活率至90%以上，并促进了种群数量的增长。研究实现了世界领先水平，对保护大熊猫物种具有重要应用和理论价值。