Supporting data for "Adaptive venom evolution and toxicity in octopods is driven by extensive novel gene formation, expansion and loss"

Cephalopods represent a rich system for investigating the genetic basis underlying organismal novelties. This diverse group of specialised predators has evolved many adaptations including proteinaceous venom. Of particular interest is the blue-ringed-octopus genus (<i>Hapalochlaena</i>), which are the only octopods known to store large quantities of the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, within their tissues and venom gland. To reveal genomic correlates of organismal novelties, we conducted a comparative study of three octopod genomes, including the Southern blue-ringed octopus (<i>Hapalochlaena maculosa</i>). We present the genome of this species and reveal highly dynamic evolutionary patterns at both non-coding and coding organizational levels. Gene family expansions previously reported in <i>Octopus bimaculoides</i> (e.g., zinc finger and cadherins, both associated with neural functions), as well as formation of novel gene families, dominate the genomic landscape in all octopods. Examination of tissue-specific genes in the posterior salivary gland (PSG) revealed that expression was dominated by serine proteases in non-tetrodotoxin bearing octopods, while this family was a minor component in <i>H. maculosa</i>. Moreover, voltage-gated sodium channels in <i>H. maculosa</i> contain a resistance mutation found in pufferfish and garter snakes, which is exclusive to the genus. Analysis of the PSG microbiome revealed a diverse array of bacterial species, including genera that can produce tetrodotoxin, suggestive of a possible production source. We present the first tetrodotoxin-bearing octopod genome <i>H. maculosa</i>, which displays lineage-specific adaptations to tetrodotoxin acquisition. This genome, along with other recently published cephalopod genomes, represents a valuable resource from which future work could advance our understanding of the evolution of genomic novelty in this family.