Populism and Political Parties Expert Survey 2023 (POPPA)
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In 2018, the first wave of the Populism and Political Parties Expert Survey (POPPA) introduced a new approach for measuring populism among political parties. Wave 1 captured positions and attitudes of 250 parties on their key attributes related to populism, political style, party ideology, and party organization in 28 European countries. Wave 1 has been downloaded more than 6700 times (from the Harvard Dataverse in October 2024) and the accompanying Comparative Political Studies article has been cited more then 250 times (according to Google Scholar). Given the importance of POPPA as a core sources for populism scholars, we have expanded the original dataset. The 2023 wave of POPPA contains similar core feature and builds on the 2018 wave. The principal motivation for the expert survey is to provide a better understanding of key party characteristics related to populism and political representation. POPPA 2023 follows the methodological approach of the first wave, building on the multidimensional, continuous, and comprehensive approach for capturing populism. The multidimensional approach refers to the use of five sub-dimensions of populism to produce an aggregate measure of populism. These sub-dimensions operationalize the ideational approach of populism. The continuous approach refers to the use of a continuous scale which measures degrees of populism. Measuring populism along a continuous scale implies that political parties are more or less populist and that they cannot be classified as simply populist or not populist. The comprehensive approach of POPPA provides a measure for every relevant party in parliament across European democracies, not only those that are widely considered to be populist. The comprehensive nature of the data allows researchers to derive populism scores for all relevant parties in these European countries in 2018 and 2023. Whereas wave 1 covers of 249 parties in 28 countries, wave 2 provides a measure of populism for 312 parties in 31 countries. Wave 2 was fielded between January 25, 2023 and May 25, 2023.
2018年，第一波“民粹主义与政党专家调查（Populism and Political Parties Expert Survey，简称POPPA）”推出了一套全新的政党民粹主义测量方法。第一波调查采集了28个欧洲国家共250个政党的核心立场与态度，内容涵盖其与民粹主义相关的核心属性、政治风格、政党意识形态及政党组织架构。截至2024年10月，第一波数据集在哈佛数据文库（Harvard Dataverse）的累计下载量已突破6700次，其配套发表于《比较政治研究》（Comparative Political Studies）的学术论文，被谷歌学术（Google Scholar）收录的引用量已逾250次。鉴于POPPA已成为民粹主义研究的核心数据源，研究团队对原始数据集进行了扩充。2023年波次的POPPA延续了2018年波次的核心框架，并在此基础上进行了拓展。 本次专家调查的核心动机，在于深化对与民粹主义及政治代表相关的政党核心特征的理解。POPPA 2023沿用了首波调查的方法论路径，基于多维度、连续性与综合性的分析框架开展民粹主义测量。其中，多维度路径指通过五个民粹主义子维度（sub-dimensions）构建综合测量指标，各子维度均基于民粹主义的观念性研究范式完成操作化（operationalize）定义。连续性路径指采用连续量表（continuous scale）对民粹主义程度进行量化，这意味着政党的民粹主义倾向存在程度差异，无法简单以“民粹主义政党”或“非民粹主义政党”进行二元划分。POPPA的综合性路径则覆盖欧洲各民主国家议会中的全部相关政党，而非仅局限于被广泛认定为民粹主义的政党。该数据集的全面性特征，使得研究者可获取2018年与2023年欧洲各国全部相关政党的民粹主义得分。首波调查覆盖28个国家的249个政党，而第二波调查则覆盖31个国家的312个政党。第二波调查的实施周期为2023年1月25日至2023年5月25日。
