Exploration of the cross-immunity betweenSARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in mice: supplementary materials

Aim: This study aimed to develop a universal vaccine that can effectively address future outbreaks ofcoronavirus infections. Materials & methods: We developed recombinant DNA vaccines and vacciniavector vaccines specific for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated them in BALB/c mice. Both cellularand humoral immune responses were analyzed. Results: Compared with those immunized with theSARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 vaccine alone, the cross-immune group exhibited a 21.2-fold increase incellular immune response, an over 80-fold increase in binding antibodies and a 136.7-fold increase inneutralizing antibodies. The combination of recombinant DNA and vaccinia vaccines induced a strongerimmune response than DNA vaccine immunization alone. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that crossimmunizationwith different coronaviruses can induce a broad immune response.