<i>Lytico-bodig</i> in Guam: Historical links between diet and illness during and after Spanish colonization

This paper analyses documents on health and disease among Chamorro people during and after 333 years (1565–1898) of the Spanish claim to and occupation of Guam. Here, a complex neurodegenerative disease—known locally as <i>lytico-bodig</i> and medically as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC)—reached hyperendemic proportions in the mid-twentieth century but then declined and is now disappearing. A tau-dominated polyproteinopathy, clinical phenotypes included amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or <i>lytico</i>), atypical parkinsonism with dementia (P-D or <i>bodig</i>), and dementia alone. A plausible etiology for <i>lytico-bodig</i> is consumption of flour derived from the incompletely detoxified seed of <i>Cycas micronesica</i> (<i>fadang</i> in Chamorro; <i>Federico</i> in Spanish), a poisonous gymnosperm that survives climatic extremes that can affect the island. Traditional methods for safe consumption appear to have been lost over the course of time since governors Francisco de Villalobos (1796–1862) and Felipe de la Corte (1855–1866) proposed banning consumption in view of its acute toxic effects. A death certificate issued in 1823 might suggest ALS/PDC in people dying with disability or <i>impedidos</i>, and premature aging and a short life was linked to food use of <i>fadang</i> in the mid-1850s (Guam Vital Statistics Report, 1823). During the Japanese occupation of Guam (1941–1944), Chamorro people took refuge in the jungle for months, where they relied on insufficiently processed <i>fadang</i> as a staple food. After World War II, traditional foods and medicines were subsequently replaced as islanders rapidly acculturated to North American life.