Many animals maintain long-term monogamous partnerships, but the extent to which partners interact varies substantially and has implications for the scope of cooperation between pair members. Zebra fi
Deimatic displays, where sudden changes in prey appearance elicit aversive predator reactions, have been suggested to occur in many taxa. These (often only putative) displays frequently involve differ
Cohort effects can be a major source of heterogeneity and play an important role in population dynamics. Silver-spoon effects, when environmental quality at birth improves future performance regardles
Spatial assortment can be both a cause and consequence of cooperation. Proximity promotes cooperation when individuals preferentially help nearby partners, and conversely, cooperation drives proximity
