How much do we really lose? - Yield losses in the proximity of natural landscape elements in agricultural landscapes.

We hypothesized that (i) NLE types differ in their impact on crop production and that (ii) this effect changes with proximity of the NLE to the examined agricultural field. We assessed winter wheat yields along transects with log-scaled distances from the field border into the agricultural field in two intensively managed agricultural landscapes in Germany (2014 near Göttingen, and 2015 - 2017 in the Uckermark). Transects either originated from a natural landscape element (forest, hedgerow, kettle hole) or a control (field-to-field border or agricultural road).