Safe Third Country Agreement Database

&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;About&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; The &lt;em&gt;Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) Database&lt;/em&gt; contains information on the presence, status and some outcomes of refugee claimants who entered Canada and were subject to the Safe Third Country Agreement with the United States of America at the Canada-US border from 2017 to 2024. Although these data were largely publicly-available, they were neither centralised, cleaned nor easily accessible for analysis by researchers and publics alike. Based on work by a group of researchers at Haven: the Asylum Lab supported by University of Toronto's Scholars in Residence Program (2024), we present centralised and processed data for the first time. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Summary&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Implemented in 2004, the STCA places restrictions on the ability of refugee claimants to seek political asylum in Canada based on how they enter the country. Specifically, it mandates that those who arrive in the United States of America prior to entering Canada must seek refugee status there. One exception to the original STCA was that those who entered "irregularly" (i.e., between ports of entry); essentially, by entering Canada in this way, they could continue to seek refugee status as per international law. In 2023, the Governments of Canada and the USA implemented an additional protocol to the STCA which prevented this mode of seeking asylum unless the person in question made an unauthorised crossing and stayed in Canada for at least two weeks. In sum, the STCA has had major impacts on both the flows of and means by which refugee claimants trying to get to Canada to apply for political asylum do so. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Despite the importance of the STCA on refugee flows into Canada, as well as pending legal actions related to it (e.g., a Supreme Court challenge), there are few data sources attempting to measure its empirical effects. On this basis, we present The STCA Database to fill this gap. This data drop will be the first of a series related to the STCA as a whole. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Data Structure&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; We structured the into a series of tables sourced from their original webpages. For more information on the data's structure and methodology for its construction (including to how to reproduce it), see "README.md". Tables are organised into corresponding comma-separated value (CSV) files, which can be opened in a variety of software packages, including but not limited to spreadsheet editors. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Data Sources&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; These data were sourced from the following agencies in the Government of Canada. &lt;b&gt;The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)&lt;/b&gt; provided numbers on interceptions of asylum-seekers between ports of entry at th Canada-US border by geography and time. &lt;b&gt;The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA)&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC)&lt;/b&gt; gave numbers cases of asylum seekers processed in their officers by mode of entry (i.e., on land, air, sea or inland), geography and time. Finally, &lt;b&gt;The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB)&lt;/b&gt; held numbers on outcomes of refugee claims made by those who made "irregular border crossings" by selected countries and time; we compared these outcomes to all refugee claims made with IRB, which were also provided with these data. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; Some data were sourced using earlier versions of tables provided by the organisations listed above. To access them, we used the &lt;em&gt;Internet Archive's&lt;/em&gt; WayBack Machine. This was necessary because some data which were previously available were later removed. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt; If you use these data, please cite the original source at Aptana, Nagata, Gomes, Noelle, Li, Yifan, Sien, Sunny &amp; Mio Sugiura. (2024). &lt;em&gt;The Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) Database&lt;/em&gt;. Borealis, &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WBSFPE"&gt;https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WBSFPE&lt;/a&gt;. Should you have any comments, questions or requested edits or extensions to The STCA Database, please contact Haven at &lt;a href="[e-mail]"&gt;[e-mail]&lt;/a&gt;.**<u>关于本数据集</u>**<br></br><em>安全第三国协定数据库（Safe Third Country Agreement Database, STCA数据库）</em>收录了2017年至2024年间，进入加拿大且受美加边境《安全第三国协定》（Safe Third Country Agreement, STCA）约束的难民申请人的留存情况、身份状态及部分申请结果。尽管此类数据大多已公开，但此前并未实现集中化整理与清洗，也难以被研究人员及普通公众便捷获取用于分析。依托多伦多大学驻校学者计划（2024）资助的Haven庇护实验室团队的研究成果，本数据集首次推出经过集中整理与清洗后的完整数据。<br></br>**<u>数据集摘要</u>**<br></br>《安全第三国协定》（Safe Third Country Agreement, STCA）于2004年正式实施，该协定根据难民申请人的入境方式，限制其在加拿大寻求政治庇护的资格。具体而言，协定规定凡先入境美国再进入加拿大的申请人，需在美国境内申请难民身份。原协定的一项例外条款允许“非正规入境”（即通过非入境口岸）的申请人：通过此类方式入境加拿大后，他们可依据国际法继续申请难民身份。2023年，加美两国政府针对《安全第三国协定》新增了一项议定书，禁止通过非正规入境方式寻求庇护，除非申请人未经许可入境加拿大且停留至少两周。总而言之，《安全第三国协定》对试图前往加拿大申请政治庇护的难民申请人的流动路径与申请方式均产生了重大影响。<br></br>尽管《安全第三国协定》对流入加拿大的难民群体影响重大，且目前仍有相关未决法律诉讼（例如加拿大最高法院的相关质询），但目前鲜有数据源可用于测算该协定的实际影响。基于此，本团队推出STCA数据库以填补这一空白，本次发布的数据集为系列STCA相关数据集的首个版本。<br></br>**<u>数据结构</u>**<br></br>本团队将原始网页数据整理为一系列数据表。如需了解数据集结构、构建方法（包括复现流程），请参阅"README.md"文件。所有数据表均整理为对应的逗号分隔值（CSV）文件，可通过各类软件打开，包括但不限于电子表格编辑工具。<br></br>**<u>数据来源</u>**<br></br>本数据集的数据来源于加拿大联邦政府以下机构：**加拿大皇家骑警（Royal Canadian Mounted Police, RCMP）** 提供了美加边境非入境口岸截获的寻求庇护者的地理分布与时间序列数据。**加拿大边境服务局（Canada Border Services Agency, CBSA）** 与**加拿大移民、难民及公民部（Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, IRCC）** 提供了按入境方式（即陆路、航空、海路或内陆入境）、地理分布与时间维度统计的已受理庇护申请人案件数据。最后，**加拿大移民及难民委员会（Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, IRB）** 提供了按特定国家与时间维度统计的“非正规边境越境”难民申请人的申请结果数据；本团队将此类结果与IRB受理的全部难民申请数据进行了比对，后者亦包含在本数据集内。<br></br>部分数据来源于上述机构此前发布的旧版表格。由于部分此前公开的数据已被下架，本团队通过<em>互联网档案馆（Internet Archive）时光回溯机（WayBack Machine）</em>获取了此类数据。<br></br>如使用本数据集，请引用以下文献：Aptana, Nagata, Gomes, Noelle, Li, Yifan, Sien, Sunny 与 Mio Sugiura. (2024). *《安全第三国协定数据库》*（Safe Third Country Agreement Database, STCA数据库）. Borealis, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WBSFPE">https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WBSFPE</a>。如需对STCA数据库提出意见、疑问或请求修改、扩展内容，请联系Haven，邮箱地址为<a href="[e-mail]">[e-mail]</a>。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集是一个关于《安全第三国协议》对加拿大难民流动影响的实证数据库，覆盖2017年至2024年期间，包含来自加拿大政府机构的集中和清理数据。它旨在填补现有研究空白，提供难民申请人状态和结果的可访问信息，适用于社会科学领域的移民和公共政策分析。