Vault measurements (cm3, mm) and indices (%) compared to archaic hominins (significant z-scores in bold).¶

¶Fossil values in round brackets are estimates; above the line μ±σ(n), below the line (min.-max.); z-tests corrected for small comparative sample size; Bonferroni correction not employed as per [56]; sample abbreviations and compositions see Table 4; data sources see Text S2.*Equivalent to measurements of Howells [57] and employing his abbreviation.†T-test EUEHS and NEAND mean difference: one-tailed p‡T-test EUEHS and NEAND mean difference: one-tailed p£T-test EUEHS and ERECT mean difference: one-tailed p$T-test EUEHS and ERECT mean difference: one-tailed p¥T-test NEAND and ERECT mean difference: one-tailed p