We prospectively studied patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). As part of a revised GDT (revGDT) protocol, the mini volume loading test (mVLT) was applied before induction of anaesthesia
PAP = pulmonary artery pressure. PCWP = pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. PASP = pulmonary artery systolic pressure. − indicates no staining or little staining in <10% of the cells. + indicates fain
