Greenwashing and Data Integrity in Sustainable Mobility Governance: Evidence from the Systematic Review

Purpose: This study intends to systematically examine and analyze the literature review on corporate sustainability and Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) bias and greenwashing practice. Design/Methodology/Approach: As the integrity of the reported data has become critical for evidence-based governance and decision-making, this research intends to collate and analyze all the available literature concerning the biases present in sustainability disclosures and greenwashing by using the PRISMA technique. Through systematic literature reviews from 45 peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2024, this study analyzes the reasons that firms cause biased financial reports, including allegations of greenwashing, about company identity. Findings: The findings revealed that there are five dominant factors driving sustainability bias, such as unclear and hidden information, concealed unethical practices, regulatory evasion, competing organizational priorities, and unsustainable corporate commitments. Such mechanisms have proven to weaken data integrity and limit organizations’ ability to accurately assess and communicate their social and environmental impacts. From a governance perspective, these distortions pose significant risks to a transparent, sustainable mobility transition and to data-driven policymaking. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature by consolidating theoretical perspectives on reporting bias and highlights the governance level implications to improve transparency, accountability, and decision-making quality, which could offer insights for policymakers, regulators, and urban governance stakeholders who want to strengthen sustainable reporting standards and ensure the credibility and verification of data-driven strategies.