Developing an Effective Push-Pull System for ManagingOutbreaks of the Invasive Pest <i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i><i> </i>(Diptera: Tephritidae) in <i>Nephelium lappaceum</i> Orchards

Outbreaks of the oriental fruit fly, <i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> (Hendel), present significant challenges to global fruit production, necessitating effective control measures that minimize environmental risks and pesticide resistance. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of four distinct push–pull control strategies for managing <i>B. dorsalis</i> outbreaks in a <i>Nephelium lappaceum</i><i> </i>orchard. These strategies involved the inclusion of low-concentration abamectin, spraying repellent with a drone or manually, using methyl eugenol (ME) or food bait and employing either two types of attractants and repellents or a single type. The findings indicated that incorporating the low-concentration abamectin into the push–pull system, utilizing ME as an attractant instead of food lures and manually applying abamectin and attractants were all effective in reducing the <i>B. dorsalis</i> population size and minimizing fruit damage. While increasing the diversity of repellents and attractants enhanced the long-term effectiveness of the system, it did not result in a significant decrease in <i>B. dorsalis</i> population size or fruit damage rate compared to using a single repellent or attractant. In conclusion, the push–pull strategy emerged as a viable method for managing <i>B. dorsalis</i> outbreaks, offering potential benefits in reducing environmental risks and pesticide resistance. However, the study underscored the importance of the context-specific construction of push–pull strategies to optimize their effectiveness in orchard settings.橘小实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)）的暴发对全球果品生产构成严峻挑战，亟需研发既能降低环境风险、又可延缓农药抗药性产生的高效防控措施。本研究旨在开发并评估四种差异化推-拉防控策略，用于治理红毛丹（Nephelium lappaceum）园中的橘小实蝇暴发灾害。该四类策略涵盖：将低浓度阿维菌素整合至防控体系、采用无人机或人工方式喷施驱避剂、使用甲基丁香酚（methyl eugenol, ME）或食物饵剂，以及同时使用两类驱避剂与引诱剂，或仅使用单一类型制剂。研究结果显示，将低浓度阿维菌素纳入推-拉防控系统、以甲基丁香酚替代食物诱剂作为引诱剂、人工施用阿维菌素与引诱剂，均可有效降低橘小实蝇种群规模并减轻果实受害程度。尽管提升驱避剂与引诱剂的多样性可增强系统的长期防控效果，但相较于仅使用单一驱避剂或引诱剂的方案，该组合并未使橘小实蝇种群数量或果实受害率出现显著下降。综上，推-拉策略可作为治理橘小实蝇暴发的可行手段，在降低环境风险与延缓农药抗药性方面具备应用潜力。但本研究同时强调，需结合果园具体场景定制推-拉防控方案，以优化其在果园中的防控效能。