Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of wastewater discharged from Australian Antarctic Stations
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INDICATOR DEFINITIONThis indicator is an estimate of the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of effluent discharged into the ocean from the waste treatment plants (WTP) at each continental station. It is tested monthly and reported in the station plumbers' reports to the Building Services Supervisor in Kingston.TYPE OF INDICATORThere are three types of indicators used in this report:1.Describes the CONDITION of important elements of a system;2.Show the extent of the major PRESSURES exerted on a system;3.Determine RESPONSES to either condition or changes in the condition of a system.This indicator is one of: PRESSURERATIONALE FOR INDICATOR SELECTIONThe stations produce liquid waste, comprising human waste, waste from kitchens and bathrooms, and limited volumes from workshops (contamination of the latter is usually minimal as it is cleaned of oil before discharge into the sewage system). This is treated in the waste treatment plants.BOD measurements are an indication of the efficiency of the WTP in destroying microorganisms and of the numbers of live microorganisms being released into the ocean as a result of human occupation.DESIGN AND STRATEGY FOR INDICATOR MONITORING PROGRAMSpatial scale: Australian Antarctic continental stations and Macquarie Island station.Frequency: Monthly reportsMeasurement technique: Samples are tested using the Oxitop Control method.Station doctors are trained in the Oxitop control method before departure for Antarctica. The Laboratory Manager, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, interprets results. Samples are collected, analysed, interpreted and reported monthly.Waste at Casey is also UV treated before being discharged into the environment. The data given for Casey station are readings after UV treatment.RESEARCH ISSUESThe following would increase knowledge of the potential impacts of the discharge of the wastewater:Winter and summer values will also be compared to detect any effects resulting from smaller winter populations, and higher summer populations.More accurate microbiological tests.Chemical analysis of effluent for phosphate and other nutrients. This would indicate the extent of enrichment that may occur in the adjacent oceans, and allow feedback for example on the types of washing detergent supplied at stations.LINKS TO OTHER INDICATORSSOE Indicator 48 - Station and ship person daysSOE Indicator 50 - Volume of wastewater discharged from Australian Antarctic StationsSOE Indicator 52 - Suspended solids (SS) content of wastewater discharged from Australian Antarctic Stations
指标定义 本指标为估算各南极大陆站点污水处理厂（Waste Treatment Plants, WTP）排海污水的生化需氧量（Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD）。该指标每月开展检测，并由站点水务人员在报告中提交给金斯顿的建筑服务主管。 指标类型 本报告中共使用三类指标： 1. 描述系统关键组成要素的运行状态； 2. 展现系统承受的主要压力程度； 3. 用于评估系统状态或状态变化所引发的响应。 本指标属于压力类指标。 指标选取依据 各站点产生的液态废物包括生活污水、厨卫废水，以及少量车间废液（后者因排放至污水系统前已完成除油处理，污染程度通常极低），此类废物均经污水处理厂处理。生化需氧量检测可反映污水处理厂对微生物的灭活效率，以及因人类驻留而排海的活微生物数量。 指标监测方案的设计与实施策略 空间范围：澳大利亚南极大陆站点及麦夸里岛站点。 监测频率：月度报告。 检测方法：采用Oxitop Control法开展样本检测。站点医护人员在前往南极前需接受Oxitop Control法操作培训。澳大利亚南极局金斯顿分部的实验室经理负责结果解读。样本采集、分析、解读与报告工作均按月完成。 凯西站的废液在排往环境前还会经过紫外线（Ultraviolet, UV）处理，因此公开的凯西站数据为紫外线处理后的检测结果。 研究方向 以下研究方向可加深对污水排海潜在影响的认知： 1. 对比冬季与夏季的检测数值，以探究站点驻留人数减少（冬季）与增多（夏季）所带来的影响差异； 2. 开发更精准的微生物检测方法； 3. 对污水开展磷酸盐及其他营养物质的化学分析，以此判断邻近海域可能发生的富营养化程度，并为站点洗涤洗涤剂的选型提供反馈依据。 关联指标 SOE指标48——站点与船舶人员驻留天数 SOE指标50——澳大利亚南极站点排海污水总量 SOE指标52——澳大利亚南极站点排海污水的悬浮固体（Suspended Solids, SS）含量
