Altered trait covariances between invasive and native ranges of a global plant invader

Increasing evidence suggests that invasive populations adapt to novel environments rapidly, and the ability to rapidly adapt depends on genetically-based trait variation and covariation. However, few studies have investigated the trait covariance in the native and invasive ranges. Such investigation will give a more comprehensive picture of how historical contingency and adaptation shape invasiveness, contributing to the prediction of future invasion dynamics. Here, we collected seven and nine populations alongside latitudes from invasive and native ranges of a global invasive plant, Spartina alterniflora, and planted them in two common gardens at the southernmost and northernmost sites of the invasive range. We measured plant traits, including the first flowering time, plant height, and seed set, and analyzed how these traits varied with garden sites and populations’ origin latitudes and how their covariance changed between ranges. We found that plants flowered later, grew taller, and ..., ,