Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation: Safety, Pharmacology, and Clinical Considerations

Abstract:Medication use during pregnancy and lactation presents unique challenges due to the potential effects on fetal and neonatal development. Physiological changes during pregnancy can alter drug pharmacokinetics, while certain medications may cross the placenta or be excreted in breast milk, posing risks to the fetus or infant. This review summarizes current evidence on the safety and efficacy of commonly prescribed medications in pregnant and lactating women, highlighting strategies for minimizing adverse outcomes. Clinical guidelines, risk assessment tools, and specialized resources such as LactMed® are discussed to support evidence-based decision-making. Understanding drug safety in these populations is critical for optimizing maternal health while protecting fetal and infant well-being.