Many species approach, inspect, and signal toward their predators. These behaviours are often interpreted as predator-deterrent signals—honest signals that indicate to predators that continued hunting
Background: Extreme environments can impose strong ecological and evolutionary pressures at a local level. Ectotherms are particularly sensitive to low-temperature environments, which can result in a
A major challenge in the study of animal communication is distinguishing whether signals convey honest or dishonest information. Biologists infer the honesty of a signal from its correlation with th
Mate choice frequently operates differently for males and females as a consequence of male competition for mates. Competitive interactions can alter the fitness payoffs of choice and the realisation o
Abstract: Alternative morphotypes have been reported in males of different taxa. In some mammals highly masculinized and slightly masculinized males represent two opposite ends along a gradient of phe
