<b>Gender Differences in Personality Traits and Mental Health Challenges of Early-Career Doctoral Faculty Members</b>

This study explores the relationship between personality traits and mental health among early-career doctoral faculty members in China, with an emphasis on gender-specific patterns. Aiming to address a gap in academic mental health research, particularly within the context of faculty psychological well-being, the study examines how distinct personality profiles may relate to mental health outcomes differently for men and women. Participants were drawn from universities in southwestern China and completed two standardized assessments: the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), which evaluates a broad range of psychological symptoms, and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), which measures a comprehensive spectrum of personality traits. Statistical methods, including norm-referenced comparisons, gender-stratified analyses, and canonical correlation analysis, were used to assess the interplay between personality and mental health. Results indicated notable gender-based differences in both personality profiles and psychological symptom patterns, underscoring the need for more personalized, gender-responsive approaches to mental health support in academia. The accompanying dataset comprises anonymized, item-level responses from both psychological instruments, along with relevant demographic information such as gender and academic discipline. It allows for detailed secondary analyses of the psychological landscape of early-career faculty members, supports research on individual differences in mental health risk, and serves as a resource for developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies informed by personality. This dataset offers a rich foundation for future longitudinal and cross-cultural studies examining the dynamic interrelations between personality structure and psychological well-being in academic professionals.本研究旨在探讨中国早期职业博士教职员工的人格特质与心理健康之间的关联，并重点关注性别特异性模式。为填补当前学术心理健康研究，尤其是教职员工心理福祉领域的研究空白，本研究考察不同的人格特征结构如何在男性与女性群体中与心理健康结局产生差异化关联。研究对象招募自中国西南部地区的高校，所有参与者完成两项标准化测评：用于评估广泛心理症状谱系的症状自评量表90（Symptom Checklist-90, SCL-90），以及用于全面测量人格特质维度的卡特尔16种人格因素问卷（Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, 16PF）。本研究采用常模参照比较、性别分层分析、典型相关分析等统计学方法，以剖析人格特质与心理健康之间的交互关系。研究结果显示，人格特征结构与心理症状模式均存在显著性别差异，这凸显了在学术领域构建更具个性化、贴合性别需求的心理健康支持体系的必要性。本配套数据集包含两项心理测评的匿名化条目级应答数据，以及性别、学科门类等相关人口统计学信息。该数据集可支持对早期职业教职员工的心理现状开展精细化二次分析，助力心理健康风险个体差异相关研究，并为基于人格特征制定针对性预防与干预策略提供研究支撑。此外，本数据集还可为未来探究学术从业者人格结构与心理福祉间动态关联的纵向与跨文化研究提供坚实的研究基础。