黄河流域传统果园农业系统研究
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黄河流域是中华农耕文明发祥地之一，滋养了许多上百年乃至上千年的传统果园，其中一些一直延续至今，进而被评为中国乃至全球重要农业文化遗产。传统果园作为中国复合式农业生产系统的代表，涵盖了种植业与养殖业，是中国古代农业生产中多种经营方式的缩影，具体表现形式主要有树粮结合、果蔬结合与种养结合三种形式，经营管理中受传统农耕思想指导，坚持“天人合一”、“敬畏自然”的基本理念。传统果园中多方面的技术体系共同构成一个完整的农业系统，其中包括林间管理技术体系、林下管理技术体系及乡土知识体系三大方面，前两者是具体操作技术，后者则属于理论支撑。林间管理技术体系，主要集中于对果树的管护，这些技术体系兼顾果树从“生”到“长”的全过程，如繁育技术、花果管理、防虫技术，是传统果园农业技术的特色体现;而传统果园林下管理技术体系则是从大田农业生产借鉴而来的技术经验，但又与之不同，传统果园结合当地特色，衍生出与众不同的技术体系，均遵循了“因地制宜”的基本原则;而构成乡土知识体系的主体是果农，他们经过实践形成有关“天”、“地”、“人”的乡土知识，并经过士人阶层与统治者的助力，在乡土文化的影响下最终形成知识体系。传统果园历史悠久，经历了传统时期、西方科学引进后与现代农业反思三个阶段的演变，促使演变的原因包括政治、经济、文化及生态多方面，并暗含规律。传统果园历经数久演变而不衰与坚持传统技术体系具有密切关系，同时也对当地与整个流域产生了一定的影响。本文以探究传统果园能够长期维持的原因为切入点，通过实地调研与查阅古籍文献，从横向分析其内部的技术体系与管理机制，以传统果园演变历程为纵向研究出发点，从而得出黄河流域传统果园能够长期维持的原因与坚持传统技术体系有着密切关系，并进一步探析传统果园农业系统的产生的效应。传统果园经久不衰引起社会广泛关注，并引起思考，其生产、管理技术与经验对现代果园及现代农业的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。
The Yellow River Basin is one of the birthplaces of Chinese agricultural civilization, nurturing numerous traditional orchards with histories spanning hundreds to thousands of years. Some of these orchards have survived to the present day and have been designated as important agricultural cultural heritage sites in China and even globally. As a representative of China's complex agricultural production systems, traditional orchards integrate planting and breeding industries, embodying the diversified production modes of ancient Chinese agriculture. Their main forms include three types: tree-grain intercropping, fruit-vegetable intercropping, and crop-livestock integrated farming. Guided by traditional farming thoughts, their operation and management adhere to the core concepts of "Harmony between Humanity and Nature" and "Respect for Nature". The comprehensive technical system of traditional orchards forms a complete agricultural system, consisting of three major components: the canopy management technical system, the understory management technical system, and the indigenous knowledge system. The first two are specific operational technologies, while the latter serves as theoretical support. The canopy management technical system focuses on the management of fruit trees, covering the entire lifecycle of fruit trees from germination to growth, including breeding techniques, flower and fruit management, and pest control. This system embodies the distinctive agricultural technologies of traditional orchards. In contrast, the understory management technical system draws on technical experiences from field crop production, but differs from it. Tailored to local conditions, traditional orchards have developed unique technical systems that strictly follow the principle of "adapting measures to local conditions". The indigenous knowledge system is mainly developed by fruit farmers, who have accumulated practical indigenous knowledge related to "heaven", "earth" and "human" through long-term production practices. With the support of the scholar-official class and rulers, and influenced by local culture, this knowledge system has finally taken shape. Traditional orchards have a long history, having undergone three stages of evolution: the traditional period, the period after the introduction of Western science, and the period of modern agricultural reflection. The driving forces behind this evolution include political, economic, cultural and ecological factors, and follow certain underlying laws. The long-term survival of traditional orchards is closely related to their adherence to the traditional technical system, and they have also exerted certain impacts on the local area and the entire Yellow River Basin. This paper takes the reasons for the long-term sustainability of traditional orchards as its starting point. Through field investigations and consulting ancient books and historical documents, it conducts a horizontal analysis of its internal technical systems and management mechanisms, and takes the evolutionary history of traditional orchards as the vertical research starting point. The study concludes that the long-term sustainability of traditional orchards in the Yellow River Basin is closely related to their adherence to the traditional technical system, and further explores the effects generated by the traditional orchard agricultural system. The enduring vitality of traditional orchards has attracted widespread social attention and triggered in-depth thinking. Their production and management technologies and experiences have certain reference significance for the development of modern orchards and modern agriculture as a whole.
