<i>Spodoptera litura</i>

Spodoptera litura is a significant economic pest that has successfully invaded Africa and Asia in recent years. This study systematically evaluated the life history traits of S. litura under different temperature, photoperiod, and humidity conditions. The results showed that at 30–35°C, the physiological activity of S. litura peaked, with a significant reduction in the duration of developmental stages, increased female oviposition, shortened pupal and adult lifespans, and an accelerated generational cycle. These findings provide critical insights into predicting population dynamics and offer valuable guidance for developing effective management strategies.