黄河流域保护性耕作技术适宜性评价研究
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黄河流域是我国水土流失最为严重的地区，严重制约着社会经济的可持续发展.传统的耕作制度使地表裸露、土层疏松、蒸发强烈，是引起风蚀、水蚀的重要原因.在探索改变耕作技术以控制水土侵蚀的实践中，以免耕为主的保护性耕作技术成为国内外重要的研究课题.探索一套客观、准确的保护性耕作技术适宜性评价方法对于其在黄河流域的正确实施具有很大的意义. 本文采用两种方法研究和探讨保护性耕作在黄河流域四个典型研究区域的适宜性.第一种方法是设置不同耕作方式的试验来比较其对作物种植地土壤水分含量、土壤温度、养分含量、作物生长发育及产量的影响，探讨不同的耕作方式和覆盖方式在试验区的适宜性.另一种方法则从保护性耕作技术在黄河流域四个典型研究区域的生态适宜性、经济可行性、社会可接受性三方面进行评价.结合层次分析法和灰色综合评价法，根据计算出的灰色加权关联度的大小评价保护性耕作技术的生态适宜性.然后通过在黄河流域开展保护性耕作社会经济情况的农户调查，运用调查得到的真实、客观的数据进行保护性耕作技术的经济可行性和社会可接受性评价. 研究结果表明:免耕在黄河流域四个研究区域的生态适宜度，从高到低依次为河南0.1547、山东0.1344、宁夏0.0963、内蒙古0.0886。四个地区的保护性耕作的对比试验结果表明：河南孟津的实施免耕后能够明显提高土壤水分含量、提高作物产量;山东章丘实施免耕后有利于作物的生长及产量构成因素的发育，但对于土壤温度等理化性状还存在负面影响;宁夏彭阳实施免耕和秸秆覆盖后，虽然土壤水分、肥力有很大改善，但秸秆覆盖会引起土壤温度降低，从而影响作物的生长发育;内蒙古清水河实施免耕后产量低于传统耕作，土壤有机质也不如传统耕作.可见，保护性耕作的生态适宜性评价结果与试验结果基本一致.四个地区保护性耕作技术的经济可行性表现为河南孟津最好、宁夏彭阳次之、山东章丘第三、内蒙古清水河不适宜采用免耕技术.在前三个地区通过实施免耕和秸秆覆盖的保护性耕作技术，不仅提高了水分利用效率和秸秆资源利用，还为农民增收节支，免耕播种较传统耕作方式减少了作业工序，节省了机械作业支出和化肥投入，产投比较传统耕作均有不同程度的提高.但在内蒙古清水河地区，虽然传统耕作下的化肥、劳动力投入较高，但传统耕作下的作物产量显著高于免耕，所以产投比高于免耕.综合考虑保护性耕作技术的生态适宜性、经济可行性和社会可接受性，河南、山东和宁夏均适合采用免耕这项保护性耕作技术，其中免耕在河南的适宜程度最高，山东次之，宁夏第三，而由于自然、气候、地理位置条件的限制，内蒙古清水河研究区不适宜采用免耕技术，但如果结合合理的轮作制度，在不影响作物产量的基础上，实施保护性耕作起到水土保持的作用是值得深入研究和探索的，这一课题对改善我国干旱地区特别是干旱冷气候区域的水土流失现状具有重要意义.
The Yellow River Basin is the region with the most severe soil and water loss in China, which severely restricts the sustainable development of the country's social and economic systems. Traditional farming systems leave the soil surface bare, result in loose soil layers and intense evaporation, which are important causes of wind and water erosion. In the practice of exploring improved farming technologies to control soil and water erosion, conservation tillage technology centered on no-till farming has emerged as an important research topic both domestically and internationally. Developing an objective and accurate suitability evaluation method for conservation tillage technology is of great significance for its proper implementation in the Yellow River Basin. This paper uses two methods to study and discuss the suitability of conservation tillage in four typical research areas within the Yellow River Basin. The first method involves conducting experiments with different tillage modes to compare their impacts on soil moisture content, soil temperature, nutrient content, crop growth and development, as well as crop yield in cultivated land, so as to explore the suitability of different tillage and mulching modes in the test sites. The second method evaluates conservation tillage technology from three dimensions: ecological suitability, economic feasibility, and social acceptability in the four typical research areas of the Yellow River Basin. Specifically, the ecological suitability of conservation tillage technology is evaluated by combining the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Grey Comprehensive Evaluation Method, based on the calculated grey weighted correlation degree. Additionally, through a farmer survey on the socio-economic status of conservation tillage in the Yellow River Basin, the economic feasibility and social acceptability of the technology are evaluated using the real and objective data collected from the survey. The research findings indicate that the ecological suitability scores of no-till farming in the four research areas of the Yellow River Basin, ranked from high to low, are 0.1547 (Henan Province), 0.1344 (Shandong Province), 0.0963 (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), and 0.0886 (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). The results of the comparative conservation tillage experiments in the four regions show that: Implementing no-till farming in Mengjin, Henan Province can significantly increase soil moisture content and crop yield; Implementing no-till farming in Zhangqiu, Shandong Province is conducive to crop growth and the development of yield components, but exerts negative impacts on physical and chemical soil properties such as soil temperature; After implementing no-till farming and straw mulching in Pengyang, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, soil moisture and fertility have been greatly improved, yet straw mulching reduces soil temperature, thereby affecting crop growth and development; In Qingshuihe, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, crop yield under no-till farming is lower than that under traditional tillage, and soil organic matter content is also lower than that under traditional tillage. It can be observed that the ecological suitability evaluation results of conservation tillage are generally consistent with the experimental results. The economic feasibility of conservation tillage technology in the four regions ranks as follows: Mengjin, Henan Province is the most suitable, followed by Pengyang, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, then Zhangqiu, Shandong Province, while Qingshuihe, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is not suitable for adopting no-till farming technology. In the first three regions, implementing conservation tillage technologies including no-till farming and straw mulching not only improves water use efficiency and straw resource utilization, but also increases farmers' income and reduces their expenditure. Compared with traditional tillage, no-till seeding reduces operational procedures, cuts down mechanical operation costs and fertilizer inputs, leading to varying degrees of improvement in the input-output ratio. However, in Qingshuihe, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, although the input of fertilizers and labor under traditional tillage is higher, the crop yield under traditional tillage is significantly higher than that under no-till farming, resulting in a higher input-output ratio than no-till farming. Taking into account the ecological suitability, economic feasibility and social acceptability of conservation tillage technology comprehensively, Henan, Shandong and Ningxia are all suitable for adopting no-till farming as a conservation tillage technology, with Henan having the highest suitability, followed by Shandong, then Ningxia. Due to limitations in natural, climatic and geographical conditions, the Qingshuihe research area in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is not suitable for adopting no-till farming technology. Nevertheless, if combined with a reasonable crop rotation system, implementing conservation tillage to achieve soil and water conservation without compromising crop yield is worthy of in-depth research and exploration. This topic holds great significance for improving the current state of soil and water loss in arid regions of China, particularly in arid and cold climate zones.
