<b>Endozoochory by beetles</b><b> </b><b>and</b><b> </b><b>ants in the holoparasitic plant </b><b>Cynomorium songaricum</b>

This study eluciates the role of invertebrates in the seed dispersal of desert parasitic plants. We believe that different seed dispersal agents at each level play a distinct role on the sequential seed dispersal of C. songaricum, constituting the significant stages various in the dispersal process.