<i>In silico</i> approaches for predicting natural compounds with therapeutic potential and vaccine candidates against <i>Streptococcus equi</i>

Equine strangles is a prevalent disease that affects the upper respiratory in horses and is caused by the Gram-positive bacterium <i>Streptococcus equi</i>. In addition to strangles, other clinical conditions are caused by the two <i>S. equi</i> subspecies, <i>equi</i> and <i>zooepidemicus</i>, which present relevant zoonotic potential. Treatment of infections caused by <i>S. equi</i> has become challenging due to the worldwide spreading of infected horses and the unavailability of effective therapeutics and vaccines. Penicillin treatment is often recommended, but multidrug resistance issues arised. We explored the whole genome sequence of 18 <i>S. equi</i> isolates to identify candidate proteins to be targeted by natural drug-like compounds or explored as immunogens. We considered only proteins shared among the sequenced strains of subspecies <i>equi</i> and <i>zooepidemicus</i>, absent in the equine host and predicted to be essential and involved in virulence. Of these, 4 proteins with cytoplasmic subcellular location were selected for molecular docking with a library of 5008 compounds, while 6 proteins were proposed as prominent immunogens against <i>S. equi</i> due to their probabilities of behaving as adhesins. The molecular docking analyses revealed the best ten ligands for each of the 4 drug target candidates, and they were ranked according to their binding affinities and the number of hydrogen bonds for complex stability. Finally, the natural 5-ring compound C₂₅H₂₀F₃N₅O₃ excelled in molecular dynamics simulations for the increased stability in the interaction with UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase (MurB). This research paves the way to developing new therapeutics to minimize the impacts caused by <i>S. equi</i> infections.