Caracterização da Pluriatividade e dos Plurirrendimentos da Agricultura Brasileira a partir do Censo Agropecuário 2006

The article discusses the phenomenon of pluriactivity in Brazilian agriculture, referring to the diversification of economic and labour activities in rural areas, and pluri-incomes, referring to the diversification of income sources accessed by farmers and their families. Based on 2006 Agricultural Census data, an analysis for Brazil and Southern and Northeastern regions of the country is carried out, trying to compare the so-called “pluriactive households” belonging to family farming and non-family farming categories. The paper identifies and quantifies these households; characterize them according to the type of pluriactivity and the labour relations of employed persons; and identifies their distinct revenue sources, measuring the importance of each one in the formation of total revenue. The empirical finding of a higher percentage of non-family farming households classified as pluriactive (51.9%) than the family farming (34.1%) led to an intriguing theoretical question, since almost all the studies in Brazil always considered pluriactivity as a phenomenon specific to family farming. Although this question is only briefly discussed, the most significant result is that there must be an important part of family farmers who, precisely because they are pluriactive, are improperly classified as non-family farmers and, therefore, excluded from official statistics and possibly of the very public policies suitable for family farming.本文探讨巴西农业中的兼业经营（pluriactivity）现象，即农村地区经济与劳动活动的多元化，以及多元收入（pluri-incomes）现象，即农户及其家庭获取收入来源的多元化。本研究基于2006年农业普查数据，针对巴西全国及其南部、东北部地区开展分析，尝试对比归类于家庭农业与非家庭农业范畴的所谓"兼业农户（pluriactive households）"。本文对兼业农户进行识别与量化，依据兼业经营类型与雇工劳动关系对其进行特征刻画，并识别其差异化的收入来源，测算各收入来源在农户总收入构成中的重要性。本次研究的实证结果显示，被归类为兼业农户的非家庭农业农户占比（51.9%）高于家庭农业农户（34.1%），这引出了一个耐人寻味的理论问题——此前巴西几乎所有相关研究均将兼业经营视为家庭农业特有的现象。尽管本文仅对该问题进行了简要探讨，但最重要的研究结果在于：存在相当一部分家庭农场主因自身开展兼业经营，被错误归类为非家庭农业农户，因此被排除在官方统计范畴之外，甚至可能无法享受适配家庭农业的公共政策扶持。