Characteristics of subjects by gender.

Data are means ± standard deviation. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. †Body mass index was calculated using weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. ‡Smoking status: daily consumption (pack) × duration of smoking (year) {never, light (<20 pack ▪ year), moderate (20–39 pack ▪ year), heavy (≥40 pack ▪ year)}. §eGFR was estimated by the following equation: = 0.741×175×Cr−1.154× Age−0.203×0.742 (if female). Data for triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and serum bilirubin were skewed and are presented as median (interquartile range) values, and were log-transformed for analysis. *Student's t-test was used for the continuous data and χ2 test for the categorical data. Characteristics of subjects by gender.