Economic Impacts of Unionization on Private Sector Employers: 1984-2001

Economic impacts of unionization on employers are difficult to estimate in the absence of large, representative data on establishments with union status information. Estimates are also confounded by selection bias, because unions could organize at highly profitable enterprises that are more likely在缺乏包含工会身份信息的大型代表性企业单位数据的情况下，工会化对雇主的经济影响难以估算。此外，估算结果还会因选择偏差而受到干扰，原因在于工会更倾向于在盈利能力更强且更（原文未完整）的企业中开展组织活动。